1 00:00:22,369 --> 00:00:39,310 I'm ready 2 00:00:39,310 --> 00:00:39,320 3 00:00:39,320 --> 00:00:42,370 future explorers will venture in harsher 4 00:00:42,370 --> 00:00:42,380 future explorers will venture in harsher 5 00:00:42,380 --> 00:00:44,890 future explorers will venture in harsher environments than ever before at 6 00:00:44,890 --> 00:00:44,900 environments than ever before at 7 00:00:44,900 --> 00:00:47,260 environments than ever before at distances never encountered in human 8 00:00:47,260 --> 00:00:47,270 distances never encountered in human 9 00:00:47,270 --> 00:00:50,950 distances never encountered in human history for durations never achieved by 10 00:00:50,950 --> 00:00:50,960 history for durations never achieved by 11 00:00:50,960 --> 00:00:58,240 history for durations never achieved by any space program 12 00:00:58,240 --> 00:00:58,250 13 00:00:58,250 --> 00:01:01,150 a future mission to Mars could take as 14 00:01:01,150 --> 00:01:01,160 a future mission to Mars could take as 15 00:01:01,160 --> 00:01:04,390 a future mission to Mars could take as long as three years astronauts would 16 00:01:04,390 --> 00:01:04,400 long as three years astronauts would 17 00:01:04,400 --> 00:01:07,660 long as three years astronauts would work four years at a lunar base three 18 00:01:07,660 --> 00:01:07,670 work four years at a lunar base three 19 00:01:07,670 --> 00:01:09,280 work four years at a lunar base three Americans undertook the first 20 00:01:09,280 --> 00:01:09,290 Americans undertook the first 21 00:01:09,290 --> 00:01:13,300 Americans undertook the first long-duration mission in 1974 returning 22 00:01:13,300 --> 00:01:13,310 long-duration mission in 1974 returning 23 00:01:13,310 --> 00:01:17,260 long-duration mission in 1974 returning safely to Earth after 84 days aloft two 24 00:01:17,260 --> 00:01:17,270 safely to Earth after 84 days aloft two 25 00:01:17,270 --> 00:01:20,530 safely to Earth after 84 days aloft two Soviets have spent a year in space both 26 00:01:20,530 --> 00:01:20,540 Soviets have spent a year in space both 27 00:01:20,540 --> 00:01:22,570 Soviets have spent a year in space both programs have shown that there is much 28 00:01:22,570 --> 00:01:22,580 programs have shown that there is much 29 00:01:22,580 --> 00:01:24,969 programs have shown that there is much yet to learn to enable astronauts to 30 00:01:24,969 --> 00:01:24,979 yet to learn to enable astronauts to 31 00:01:24,979 --> 00:01:27,400 yet to learn to enable astronauts to undertake long missions to keep them 32 00:01:27,400 --> 00:01:27,410 undertake long missions to keep them 33 00:01:27,410 --> 00:01:29,639 undertake long missions to keep them healthy physically and psychologically 34 00:01:29,639 --> 00:01:29,649 healthy physically and psychologically 35 00:01:29,649 --> 00:01:32,350 healthy physically and psychologically to provide them with medical care and 36 00:01:32,350 --> 00:01:32,360 to provide them with medical care and 37 00:01:32,360 --> 00:01:34,930 to provide them with medical care and life-support and to protect them from 38 00:01:34,930 --> 00:01:34,940 life-support and to protect them from 39 00:01:34,940 --> 00:02:01,249 life-support and to protect them from the hazards of the space environment 40 00:02:01,249 --> 00:02:01,259 41 00:02:01,259 --> 00:02:04,109 when astronauts travel beyond the 42 00:02:04,109 --> 00:02:04,119 when astronauts travel beyond the 43 00:02:04,119 --> 00:02:05,999 when astronauts travel beyond the sanctuary of the magnetic field 44 00:02:05,999 --> 00:02:06,009 sanctuary of the magnetic field 45 00:02:06,009 --> 00:02:09,479 sanctuary of the magnetic field surrounding our planet they're no longer 46 00:02:09,479 --> 00:02:09,489 surrounding our planet they're no longer 47 00:02:09,489 --> 00:02:11,910 surrounding our planet they're no longer protected from cosmic rays and solar 48 00:02:11,910 --> 00:02:11,920 protected from cosmic rays and solar 49 00:02:11,920 --> 00:02:14,790 protected from cosmic rays and solar flare radiation without shielding an 50 00:02:14,790 --> 00:02:14,800 flare radiation without shielding an 51 00:02:14,800 --> 00:02:17,490 flare radiation without shielding an astronaut exposed to a solar flare event 52 00:02:17,490 --> 00:02:17,500 astronaut exposed to a solar flare event 53 00:02:17,500 --> 00:02:20,809 astronaut exposed to a solar flare event would become ill with radiation sickness 54 00:02:20,809 --> 00:02:20,819 would become ill with radiation sickness 55 00:02:20,819 --> 00:02:23,759 would become ill with radiation sickness chronic exposure to cosmic radiation 56 00:02:23,759 --> 00:02:23,769 chronic exposure to cosmic radiation 57 00:02:23,769 --> 00:02:25,949 chronic exposure to cosmic radiation could increase an astronauts risk of 58 00:02:25,949 --> 00:02:25,959 could increase an astronauts risk of 59 00:02:25,959 --> 00:02:29,759 could increase an astronauts risk of developing cancer before explorers can 60 00:02:29,759 --> 00:02:29,769 developing cancer before explorers can 61 00:02:29,769 --> 00:02:32,130 developing cancer before explorers can undertake long missions far from home 62 00:02:32,130 --> 00:02:32,140 undertake long missions far from home 63 00:02:32,140 --> 00:02:35,100 undertake long missions far from home life sciences researchers must find out 64 00:02:35,100 --> 00:02:35,110 life sciences researchers must find out 65 00:02:35,110 --> 00:02:36,870 life sciences researchers must find out more about the hazards of space 66 00:02:36,870 --> 00:02:36,880 more about the hazards of space 67 00:02:36,880 --> 00:02:40,830 more about the hazards of space radiation high on a hillside overlooking 68 00:02:40,830 --> 00:02:40,840 radiation high on a hillside overlooking 69 00:02:40,840 --> 00:02:43,160 radiation high on a hillside overlooking the university campus in Berkeley 70 00:02:43,160 --> 00:02:43,170 the university campus in Berkeley 71 00:02:43,170 --> 00:02:45,690 the university campus in Berkeley scientists use an accelerator to whip 72 00:02:45,690 --> 00:02:45,700 scientists use an accelerator to whip 73 00:02:45,700 --> 00:02:47,880 scientists use an accelerator to whip tiny fragments of matter faster and 74 00:02:47,880 --> 00:02:47,890 tiny fragments of matter faster and 75 00:02:47,890 --> 00:02:50,400 tiny fragments of matter faster and faster to higher and higher energies and 76 00:02:50,400 --> 00:02:50,410 faster to higher and higher energies and 77 00:02:50,410 --> 00:02:53,130 faster to higher and higher energies and then hurl them at a target to simulate 78 00:02:53,130 --> 00:02:53,140 then hurl them at a target to simulate 79 00:02:53,140 --> 00:02:56,640 then hurl them at a target to simulate space radiation on earth this is the 80 00:02:56,640 --> 00:02:56,650 space radiation on earth this is the 81 00:02:56,650 --> 00:02:59,250 space radiation on earth this is the only way we have to learn more about how 82 00:02:59,250 --> 00:02:59,260 only way we have to learn more about how 83 00:02:59,260 --> 00:03:02,180 only way we have to learn more about how space radiation damages living cells 84 00:03:02,180 --> 00:03:02,190 space radiation damages living cells 85 00:03:02,190 --> 00:03:04,140 space radiation damages living cells Greg Nelson of the Jet Propulsion 86 00:03:04,140 --> 00:03:04,150 Greg Nelson of the Jet Propulsion 87 00:03:04,150 --> 00:03:07,170 Greg Nelson of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory uses this unique facility at 88 00:03:07,170 --> 00:03:07,180 Laboratory uses this unique facility at 89 00:03:07,180 --> 00:03:09,509 Laboratory uses this unique facility at Berkeley to irradiate microscopic 90 00:03:09,509 --> 00:03:09,519 Berkeley to irradiate microscopic 91 00:03:09,519 --> 00:03:10,289 Berkeley to irradiate microscopic roundworms 92 00:03:10,289 --> 00:03:10,299 roundworms 93 00:03:10,299 --> 00:03:12,660 roundworms it's a nematode or a roundworm called 94 00:03:12,660 --> 00:03:12,670 it's a nematode or a roundworm called 95 00:03:12,670 --> 00:03:15,059 it's a nematode or a roundworm called scene Arab Titus elegans and what we 96 00:03:15,059 --> 00:03:15,069 scene Arab Titus elegans and what we 97 00:03:15,069 --> 00:03:16,830 scene Arab Titus elegans and what we actually look for after the worms have 98 00:03:16,830 --> 00:03:16,840 actually look for after the worms have 99 00:03:16,840 --> 00:03:19,289 actually look for after the worms have been exposed to these artificial cosmic 100 00:03:19,289 --> 00:03:19,299 been exposed to these artificial cosmic 101 00:03:19,299 --> 00:03:21,750 been exposed to these artificial cosmic rays is the presence of mutations or 102 00:03:21,750 --> 00:03:21,760 rays is the presence of mutations or 103 00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:24,240 rays is the presence of mutations or damage to known populations of cells in 104 00:03:24,240 --> 00:03:24,250 damage to known populations of cells in 105 00:03:24,250 --> 00:03:27,750 damage to known populations of cells in our bodies our ultimate goal is to be 106 00:03:27,750 --> 00:03:27,760 our bodies our ultimate goal is to be 107 00:03:27,760 --> 00:03:30,090 our bodies our ultimate goal is to be able to use our model animal C elegans 108 00:03:30,090 --> 00:03:30,100 able to use our model animal C elegans 109 00:03:30,100 --> 00:03:33,900 able to use our model animal C elegans to extrapolate to the cancer risk for 110 00:03:33,900 --> 00:03:33,910 to extrapolate to the cancer risk for 111 00:03:33,910 --> 00:03:37,319 to extrapolate to the cancer risk for human beings earth-based experiments can 112 00:03:37,319 --> 00:03:37,329 human beings earth-based experiments can 113 00:03:37,329 --> 00:03:40,160 human beings earth-based experiments can only simulate space radiation soon 114 00:03:40,160 --> 00:03:40,170 only simulate space radiation soon 115 00:03:40,170 --> 00:03:42,479 only simulate space radiation soon scientists will have the opportunity to 116 00:03:42,479 --> 00:03:42,489 scientists will have the opportunity to 117 00:03:42,489 --> 00:03:44,670 scientists will have the opportunity to study the effects of long-term exposure 118 00:03:44,670 --> 00:03:44,680 study the effects of long-term exposure 119 00:03:44,680 --> 00:03:47,129 study the effects of long-term exposure to the real space radiation environment 120 00:03:47,129 --> 00:03:47,139 to the real space radiation environment 121 00:03:47,139 --> 00:03:49,979 to the real space radiation environment flying round worms and insects plants 122 00:03:49,979 --> 00:03:49,989 flying round worms and insects plants 123 00:03:49,989 --> 00:03:53,750 flying round worms and insects plants and human cells aboard NASA's life's at 124 00:03:53,750 --> 00:03:53,760 and human cells aboard NASA's life's at 125 00:03:53,760 --> 00:03:56,899 and human cells aboard NASA's life's at what we learn will help physicists as 126 00:03:56,899 --> 00:03:56,909 what we learn will help physicists as 127 00:03:56,909 --> 00:03:58,640 what we learn will help physicists as they investigate the different 128 00:03:58,640 --> 00:03:58,650 they investigate the different 129 00:03:58,650 --> 00:04:00,559 they investigate the different spacecraft materials that will protect 130 00:04:00,559 --> 00:04:00,569 spacecraft materials that will protect 131 00:04:00,569 --> 00:04:03,220 spacecraft materials that will protect our astronauts from space radiation 132 00:04:03,220 --> 00:04:03,230 our astronauts from space radiation 133 00:04:03,230 --> 00:04:05,869 our astronauts from space radiation developing shielding is a difficult task 134 00:04:05,869 --> 00:04:05,879 developing shielding is a difficult task 135 00:04:05,879 --> 00:04:08,869 developing shielding is a difficult task the shield the skin of the spacecraft 136 00:04:08,869 --> 00:04:08,879 the shield the skin of the spacecraft 137 00:04:08,879 --> 00:04:10,990 the shield the skin of the spacecraft has to be thick enough to stop 138 00:04:10,990 --> 00:04:11,000 has to be thick enough to stop 139 00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:13,990 has to be thick enough to stop micrometeorites but not too thick 140 00:04:13,990 --> 00:04:14,000 micrometeorites but not too thick 141 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:16,670 micrometeorites but not too thick because when high-energy particles 142 00:04:16,670 --> 00:04:16,680 because when high-energy particles 143 00:04:16,680 --> 00:04:19,099 because when high-energy particles collide with the shield the collisions 144 00:04:19,099 --> 00:04:19,109 collide with the shield the collisions 145 00:04:19,109 --> 00:04:21,080 collide with the shield the collisions produce secondary particles that can 146 00:04:21,080 --> 00:04:21,090 produce secondary particles that can 147 00:04:21,090 --> 00:04:23,360 produce secondary particles that can also damage the cells of an astronauts 148 00:04:23,360 --> 00:04:23,370 also damage the cells of an astronauts 149 00:04:23,370 --> 00:04:26,450 also damage the cells of an astronauts body the thicker the shield the more 150 00:04:26,450 --> 00:04:26,460 body the thicker the shield the more 151 00:04:26,460 --> 00:04:29,150 body the thicker the shield the more collisions the more damaging secondary 152 00:04:29,150 --> 00:04:29,160 collisions the more damaging secondary 153 00:04:29,160 --> 00:04:32,390 collisions the more damaging secondary particles are produced shielding has to 154 00:04:32,390 --> 00:04:32,400 particles are produced shielding has to 155 00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:34,490 particles are produced shielding has to be thin enough to hold down the effects 156 00:04:34,490 --> 00:04:34,500 be thin enough to hold down the effects 157 00:04:34,500 --> 00:04:37,040 be thin enough to hold down the effects of the collisions and still protect the 158 00:04:37,040 --> 00:04:37,050 of the collisions and still protect the 159 00:04:37,050 --> 00:04:40,760 of the collisions and still protect the craft with real data life sciences 160 00:04:40,760 --> 00:04:40,770 craft with real data life sciences 161 00:04:40,770 --> 00:04:42,950 craft with real data life sciences researchers will set radiation exposure 162 00:04:42,950 --> 00:04:42,960 researchers will set radiation exposure 163 00:04:42,960 --> 00:04:44,659 researchers will set radiation exposure limits that will drive the development 164 00:04:44,659 --> 00:04:44,669 limits that will drive the development 165 00:04:44,669 --> 00:04:47,210 limits that will drive the development of new shielding materials and other 166 00:04:47,210 --> 00:04:47,220 of new shielding materials and other 167 00:04:47,220 --> 00:04:49,400 of new shielding materials and other protective measures so that our 168 00:04:49,400 --> 00:04:49,410 protective measures so that our 169 00:04:49,410 --> 00:04:52,310 protective measures so that our explorers can safely undertake extended 170 00:04:52,310 --> 00:04:52,320 explorers can safely undertake extended 171 00:04:52,320 --> 00:04:54,800 explorers can safely undertake extended missions beyond Earth's magnetic 172 00:04:54,800 --> 00:04:54,810 missions beyond Earth's magnetic 173 00:04:54,810 --> 00:05:02,719 missions beyond Earth's magnetic sanctuary 174 00:05:02,719 --> 00:05:02,729 175 00:05:02,729 --> 00:05:06,239 for most astronauts microgravity is fun 176 00:05:06,239 --> 00:05:06,249 for most astronauts microgravity is fun 177 00:05:06,249 --> 00:05:18,899 for most astronauts microgravity is fun once they get used to it virtually all 178 00:05:18,899 --> 00:05:18,909 once they get used to it virtually all 179 00:05:18,909 --> 00:05:21,269 once they get used to it virtually all of the body's systems systems that have 180 00:05:21,269 --> 00:05:21,279 of the body's systems systems that have 181 00:05:21,279 --> 00:05:23,249 of the body's systems systems that have evolved for millions of years in the 182 00:05:23,249 --> 00:05:23,259 evolved for millions of years in the 183 00:05:23,259 --> 00:05:25,919 evolved for millions of years in the presence of gravity begin adapting to 184 00:05:25,919 --> 00:05:25,929 presence of gravity begin adapting to 185 00:05:25,929 --> 00:05:28,169 presence of gravity begin adapting to the absence of gravity within hours of 186 00:05:28,169 --> 00:05:28,179 the absence of gravity within hours of 187 00:05:28,179 --> 00:05:31,230 the absence of gravity within hours of liftoff but these changes in the body 188 00:05:31,230 --> 00:05:31,240 liftoff but these changes in the body 189 00:05:31,240 --> 00:05:34,439 liftoff but these changes in the body can cause problems when an astronaut 190 00:05:34,439 --> 00:05:34,449 can cause problems when an astronaut 191 00:05:34,449 --> 00:05:36,929 can cause problems when an astronaut skeleton is no longer needed to support 192 00:05:36,929 --> 00:05:36,939 skeleton is no longer needed to support 193 00:05:36,939 --> 00:05:40,339 skeleton is no longer needed to support his body his bones grow thin and porous 194 00:05:40,339 --> 00:05:40,349 his body his bones grow thin and porous 195 00:05:40,349 --> 00:05:42,959 his body his bones grow thin and porous muscles that on earth work against the 196 00:05:42,959 --> 00:05:42,969 muscles that on earth work against the 197 00:05:42,969 --> 00:05:45,589 muscles that on earth work against the downward tug of gravity to remain strong 198 00:05:45,589 --> 00:05:45,599 downward tug of gravity to remain strong 199 00:05:45,599 --> 00:05:49,139 downward tug of gravity to remain strong atrophy if not used the heart shrinks 200 00:05:49,139 --> 00:05:49,149 atrophy if not used the heart shrinks 201 00:05:49,149 --> 00:05:51,239 atrophy if not used the heart shrinks when it no longer has to pump blood from 202 00:05:51,239 --> 00:05:51,249 when it no longer has to pump blood from 203 00:05:51,249 --> 00:05:53,369 when it no longer has to pump blood from the feet to the head against the pull of 204 00:05:53,369 --> 00:05:53,379 the feet to the head against the pull of 205 00:05:53,379 --> 00:05:55,619 the feet to the head against the pull of gravity because of these and other 206 00:05:55,619 --> 00:05:55,629 gravity because of these and other 207 00:05:55,629 --> 00:05:58,079 gravity because of these and other changes astronauts on an extended 208 00:05:58,079 --> 00:05:58,089 changes astronauts on an extended 209 00:05:58,089 --> 00:06:00,119 changes astronauts on an extended mission would lose the strength and 210 00:06:00,119 --> 00:06:00,129 mission would lose the strength and 211 00:06:00,129 --> 00:06:02,459 mission would lose the strength and stamina needed to return to Earth or 212 00:06:02,459 --> 00:06:02,469 stamina needed to return to Earth or 213 00:06:02,469 --> 00:06:04,639 stamina needed to return to Earth or explore the surface of another planet 214 00:06:04,639 --> 00:06:04,649 explore the surface of another planet 215 00:06:04,649 --> 00:06:07,319 explore the surface of another planet chief of the Life Sciences Division at 216 00:06:07,319 --> 00:06:07,329 chief of the Life Sciences Division at 217 00:06:07,329 --> 00:06:09,899 chief of the Life Sciences Division at NASA's Ames Research Center Joan Vern 218 00:06:09,899 --> 00:06:09,909 NASA's Ames Research Center Joan Vern 219 00:06:09,909 --> 00:06:12,600 NASA's Ames Research Center Joan Vern echoes when they return to Earth even 220 00:06:12,600 --> 00:06:12,610 echoes when they return to Earth even 221 00:06:12,610 --> 00:06:14,459 echoes when they return to Earth even with all the exercise and 222 00:06:14,459 --> 00:06:14,469 with all the exercise and 223 00:06:14,469 --> 00:06:16,799 with all the exercise and countermeasures they do Romanenko for 224 00:06:16,799 --> 00:06:16,809 countermeasures they do Romanenko for 225 00:06:16,809 --> 00:06:19,319 countermeasures they do Romanenko for instance and other Soviets so they 226 00:06:19,319 --> 00:06:19,329 instance and other Soviets so they 227 00:06:19,329 --> 00:06:22,079 instance and other Soviets so they cannot walk unassisted for at least 48 228 00:06:22,079 --> 00:06:22,089 cannot walk unassisted for at least 48 229 00:06:22,089 --> 00:06:24,269 cannot walk unassisted for at least 48 hours well you can't do that on landing 230 00:06:24,269 --> 00:06:24,279 hours well you can't do that on landing 231 00:06:24,279 --> 00:06:26,429 hours well you can't do that on landing on Mars you have to be able to either 232 00:06:26,429 --> 00:06:26,439 on Mars you have to be able to either 233 00:06:26,439 --> 00:06:30,499 on Mars you have to be able to either egress rapidly in case of emergency or 234 00:06:30,499 --> 00:06:30,509 egress rapidly in case of emergency or 235 00:06:30,509 --> 00:06:33,749 egress rapidly in case of emergency or get out in this relatively alien 236 00:06:33,749 --> 00:06:33,759 get out in this relatively alien 237 00:06:33,759 --> 00:06:35,730 get out in this relatively alien environment and build a shelter or a 238 00:06:35,730 --> 00:06:35,740 environment and build a shelter or a 239 00:06:35,740 --> 00:06:38,429 environment and build a shelter or a habitat before you go exploring around 240 00:06:38,429 --> 00:06:38,439 habitat before you go exploring around 241 00:06:38,439 --> 00:06:40,859 habitat before you go exploring around the Martian surface and therefore you 242 00:06:40,859 --> 00:06:40,869 the Martian surface and therefore you 243 00:06:40,869 --> 00:06:44,730 the Martian surface and therefore you cannot afford to be weak or unable to 244 00:06:44,730 --> 00:06:44,740 cannot afford to be weak or unable to 245 00:06:44,740 --> 00:06:47,699 cannot afford to be weak or unable to move to help our astronauts overcome 246 00:06:47,699 --> 00:06:47,709 move to help our astronauts overcome 247 00:06:47,709 --> 00:06:50,159 move to help our astronauts overcome space deconditioning researchers at the 248 00:06:50,159 --> 00:06:50,169 space deconditioning researchers at the 249 00:06:50,169 --> 00:06:52,019 space deconditioning researchers at the Johnson Space Center are developing 250 00:06:52,019 --> 00:06:52,029 Johnson Space Center are developing 251 00:06:52,029 --> 00:06:54,419 Johnson Space Center are developing countermeasures chief of the medical 252 00:06:54,419 --> 00:06:54,429 countermeasures chief of the medical 253 00:06:54,429 --> 00:06:57,089 countermeasures chief of the medical operations branch Jeff Davis on the 254 00:06:57,089 --> 00:06:57,099 operations branch Jeff Davis on the 255 00:06:57,099 --> 00:06:58,949 operations branch Jeff Davis on the Space Shuttle we employ countermeasures 256 00:06:58,949 --> 00:06:58,959 Space Shuttle we employ countermeasures 257 00:06:58,959 --> 00:07:01,049 Space Shuttle we employ countermeasures that range from things as simple as flu 258 00:07:01,049 --> 00:07:01,059 that range from things as simple as flu 259 00:07:01,059 --> 00:07:03,480 that range from things as simple as flu loading to replace volume that's lost 260 00:07:03,480 --> 00:07:03,490 loading to replace volume that's lost 261 00:07:03,490 --> 00:07:06,389 loading to replace volume that's lost during flight to exercise for a 262 00:07:06,389 --> 00:07:06,399 during flight to exercise for a 263 00:07:06,399 --> 00:07:08,500 during flight to exercise for a cardiovascular conditioning and muscle 264 00:07:08,500 --> 00:07:08,510 cardiovascular conditioning and muscle 265 00:07:08,510 --> 00:07:11,650 cardiovascular conditioning and muscle strength to the use of a g-suit to help 266 00:07:11,650 --> 00:07:11,660 strength to the use of a g-suit to help 267 00:07:11,660 --> 00:07:13,960 strength to the use of a g-suit to help the body overcome the forces of gravity 268 00:07:13,960 --> 00:07:13,970 the body overcome the forces of gravity 269 00:07:13,970 --> 00:07:16,480 the body overcome the forces of gravity during entry during a recent space 270 00:07:16,480 --> 00:07:16,490 during entry during a recent space 271 00:07:16,490 --> 00:07:18,820 during entry during a recent space shuttle flight bonny Dunbar tested a 272 00:07:18,820 --> 00:07:18,830 shuttle flight bonny Dunbar tested a 273 00:07:18,830 --> 00:07:20,770 shuttle flight bonny Dunbar tested a countermeasure device that could help an 274 00:07:20,770 --> 00:07:20,780 countermeasure device that could help an 275 00:07:20,780 --> 00:07:22,840 countermeasure device that could help an astronaut prepare for the return to 276 00:07:22,840 --> 00:07:22,850 astronaut prepare for the return to 277 00:07:22,850 --> 00:07:25,570 astronaut prepare for the return to gravity completely enclosing her lower 278 00:07:25,570 --> 00:07:25,580 gravity completely enclosing her lower 279 00:07:25,580 --> 00:07:28,600 gravity completely enclosing her lower body the device uses a partial vacuum to 280 00:07:28,600 --> 00:07:28,610 body the device uses a partial vacuum to 281 00:07:28,610 --> 00:07:30,790 body the device uses a partial vacuum to pull blood down to the feet in the same 282 00:07:30,790 --> 00:07:30,800 pull blood down to the feet in the same 283 00:07:30,800 --> 00:07:34,150 pull blood down to the feet in the same way that gravity does on earth for Space 284 00:07:34,150 --> 00:07:34,160 way that gravity does on earth for Space 285 00:07:34,160 --> 00:07:35,770 way that gravity does on earth for Space Station we'll be interested in looking 286 00:07:35,770 --> 00:07:35,780 Station we'll be interested in looking 287 00:07:35,780 --> 00:07:39,100 Station we'll be interested in looking at research into areas such as bone loss 288 00:07:39,100 --> 00:07:39,110 at research into areas such as bone loss 289 00:07:39,110 --> 00:07:41,080 at research into areas such as bone loss and potential use of medications as a 290 00:07:41,080 --> 00:07:41,090 and potential use of medications as a 291 00:07:41,090 --> 00:07:43,900 and potential use of medications as a countermeasure to diet and dietary 292 00:07:43,900 --> 00:07:43,910 countermeasure to diet and dietary 293 00:07:43,910 --> 00:07:48,670 countermeasure to diet and dietary supplements high school teacher Vincent 294 00:07:48,670 --> 00:07:48,680 supplements high school teacher Vincent 295 00:07:48,680 --> 00:07:51,310 supplements high school teacher Vincent du is in perfect health but beginning 296 00:07:51,310 --> 00:07:51,320 du is in perfect health but beginning 297 00:07:51,320 --> 00:07:54,040 du is in perfect health but beginning today he'll be confined to bed for the 298 00:07:54,040 --> 00:07:54,050 today he'll be confined to bed for the 299 00:07:54,050 --> 00:07:57,940 today he'll be confined to bed for the next 17 weeks he'll never get up or sit 300 00:07:57,940 --> 00:07:57,950 next 17 weeks he'll never get up or sit 301 00:07:57,950 --> 00:08:01,240 next 17 weeks he'll never get up or sit up even to eat keeping his feet higher 302 00:08:01,240 --> 00:08:01,250 up even to eat keeping his feet higher 303 00:08:01,250 --> 00:08:03,820 up even to eat keeping his feet higher than his head shifts fluids to his upper 304 00:08:03,820 --> 00:08:03,830 than his head shifts fluids to his upper 305 00:08:03,830 --> 00:08:06,010 than his head shifts fluids to his upper body and takes the stress off his 306 00:08:06,010 --> 00:08:06,020 body and takes the stress off his 307 00:08:06,020 --> 00:08:08,230 body and takes the stress off his muscles and bones to simulate the 308 00:08:08,230 --> 00:08:08,240 muscles and bones to simulate the 309 00:08:08,240 --> 00:08:10,450 muscles and bones to simulate the changes that astronauts experience in 310 00:08:10,450 --> 00:08:10,460 changes that astronauts experience in 311 00:08:10,460 --> 00:08:13,390 changes that astronauts experience in the absence of gravity through bedrest 312 00:08:13,390 --> 00:08:13,400 the absence of gravity through bedrest 313 00:08:13,400 --> 00:08:15,580 the absence of gravity through bedrest studies like this one conducted at the 314 00:08:15,580 --> 00:08:15,590 studies like this one conducted at the 315 00:08:15,590 --> 00:08:18,100 studies like this one conducted at the Ames Research Center scientists can 316 00:08:18,100 --> 00:08:18,110 Ames Research Center scientists can 317 00:08:18,110 --> 00:08:19,540 Ames Research Center scientists can experiment with different combinations 318 00:08:19,540 --> 00:08:19,550 experiment with different combinations 319 00:08:19,550 --> 00:08:23,170 experiment with different combinations of diet medication and exercise to 320 00:08:23,170 --> 00:08:23,180 of diet medication and exercise to 321 00:08:23,180 --> 00:08:24,640 of diet medication and exercise to offset the effects of space 322 00:08:24,640 --> 00:08:24,650 offset the effects of space 323 00:08:24,650 --> 00:08:27,550 offset the effects of space deconditioning for Vincent the 324 00:08:27,550 --> 00:08:27,560 deconditioning for Vincent the 325 00:08:27,560 --> 00:08:29,260 deconditioning for Vincent the experiment ends with a ride in a 326 00:08:29,260 --> 00:08:29,270 experiment ends with a ride in a 327 00:08:29,270 --> 00:08:31,750 experiment ends with a ride in a centrifuge to simulate an astronaut's 328 00:08:31,750 --> 00:08:31,760 centrifuge to simulate an astronaut's 329 00:08:31,760 --> 00:08:37,420 centrifuge to simulate an astronaut's rapid return to gravity 330 00:08:37,420 --> 00:08:37,430 331 00:08:37,430 --> 00:08:40,130 since Vincent had no problem with his 332 00:08:40,130 --> 00:08:40,140 since Vincent had no problem with his 333 00:08:40,140 --> 00:08:43,190 since Vincent had no problem with his reentry these same countermeasures might 334 00:08:43,190 --> 00:08:43,200 reentry these same countermeasures might 335 00:08:43,200 --> 00:08:44,990 reentry these same countermeasures might work to keep an astronaut in good 336 00:08:44,990 --> 00:08:45,000 work to keep an astronaut in good 337 00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:48,670 work to keep an astronaut in good condition during an extended mission 338 00:08:48,670 --> 00:08:48,680 condition during an extended mission 339 00:08:48,680 --> 00:08:50,900 condition during an extended mission exercise has been an effective 340 00:08:50,900 --> 00:08:50,910 exercise has been an effective 341 00:08:50,910 --> 00:08:54,020 exercise has been an effective countermeasure for Soviet cosmonauts but 342 00:08:54,020 --> 00:08:54,030 countermeasure for Soviet cosmonauts but 343 00:08:54,030 --> 00:08:56,270 countermeasure for Soviet cosmonauts but near the end of an 11 month stay aboard 344 00:08:56,270 --> 00:08:56,280 near the end of an 11 month stay aboard 345 00:08:56,280 --> 00:08:59,060 near the end of an 11 month stay aboard the Soviet space station Mir cosmonaut 346 00:08:59,060 --> 00:08:59,070 the Soviet space station Mir cosmonaut 347 00:08:59,070 --> 00:09:01,220 the Soviet space station Mir cosmonaut Yuri Romanenko was working out as much 348 00:09:01,220 --> 00:09:01,230 Yuri Romanenko was working out as much 349 00:09:01,230 --> 00:09:04,130 Yuri Romanenko was working out as much as four hours a day severely limiting 350 00:09:04,130 --> 00:09:04,140 as four hours a day severely limiting 351 00:09:04,140 --> 00:09:06,910 as four hours a day severely limiting the time he could devote to his mission 352 00:09:06,910 --> 00:09:06,920 the time he could devote to his mission 353 00:09:06,920 --> 00:09:10,670 the time he could devote to his mission so in a parallel effort nasa researchers 354 00:09:10,670 --> 00:09:10,680 so in a parallel effort nasa researchers 355 00:09:10,680 --> 00:09:12,560 so in a parallel effort nasa researchers are investigating the benefits of the 356 00:09:12,560 --> 00:09:12,570 are investigating the benefits of the 357 00:09:12,570 --> 00:09:14,480 are investigating the benefits of the artificial gravity produced by 358 00:09:14,480 --> 00:09:14,490 artificial gravity produced by 359 00:09:14,490 --> 00:09:17,060 artificial gravity produced by centrifugal force such as the gravity 360 00:09:17,060 --> 00:09:17,070 centrifugal force such as the gravity 361 00:09:17,070 --> 00:09:19,130 centrifugal force such as the gravity produced by the spinning spacecraft of 362 00:09:19,130 --> 00:09:19,140 produced by the spinning spacecraft of 363 00:09:19,140 --> 00:09:22,430 produced by the spinning spacecraft of science fiction scientists don't yet 364 00:09:22,430 --> 00:09:22,440 science fiction scientists don't yet 365 00:09:22,440 --> 00:09:24,980 science fiction scientists don't yet know if artificial gravity will work or 366 00:09:24,980 --> 00:09:24,990 know if artificial gravity will work or 367 00:09:24,990 --> 00:09:27,980 know if artificial gravity will work or if it does just how much is needed would 368 00:09:27,980 --> 00:09:27,990 if it does just how much is needed would 369 00:09:27,990 --> 00:09:30,110 if it does just how much is needed would an hour a day spend in a small exercise 370 00:09:30,110 --> 00:09:30,120 an hour a day spend in a small exercise 371 00:09:30,120 --> 00:09:33,560 an hour a day spend in a small exercise centrifuge keep astronauts fit or would 372 00:09:33,560 --> 00:09:33,570 centrifuge keep astronauts fit or would 373 00:09:33,570 --> 00:09:36,650 centrifuge keep astronauts fit or would the entire spacecraft have to rotate 24 374 00:09:36,650 --> 00:09:36,660 the entire spacecraft have to rotate 24 375 00:09:36,660 --> 00:09:38,200 the entire spacecraft have to rotate 24 hours a day 376 00:09:38,200 --> 00:09:38,210 hours a day 377 00:09:38,210 --> 00:09:40,400 hours a day answers to these questions will 378 00:09:40,400 --> 00:09:40,410 answers to these questions will 379 00:09:40,410 --> 00:09:42,740 answers to these questions will significantly influence the design and 380 00:09:42,740 --> 00:09:42,750 significantly influence the design and 381 00:09:42,750 --> 00:09:44,990 significantly influence the design and cost of the spacecraft that will carry 382 00:09:44,990 --> 00:09:45,000 cost of the spacecraft that will carry 383 00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:47,540 cost of the spacecraft that will carry our astronauts further into the space 384 00:09:47,540 --> 00:09:47,550 our astronauts further into the space 385 00:09:47,550 --> 00:09:51,269 our astronauts further into the space frontier 386 00:09:51,269 --> 00:09:51,279 387 00:09:51,279 --> 00:09:57,720 a spacecraft bound for Mars will be so 388 00:09:57,720 --> 00:09:57,730 a spacecraft bound for Mars will be so 389 00:09:57,730 --> 00:10:00,119 a spacecraft bound for Mars will be so massive that it won't be launched from 390 00:10:00,119 --> 00:10:00,129 massive that it won't be launched from 391 00:10:00,129 --> 00:10:02,879 massive that it won't be launched from Earth in one piece it will be assembled 392 00:10:02,879 --> 00:10:02,889 Earth in one piece it will be assembled 393 00:10:02,889 --> 00:10:06,660 Earth in one piece it will be assembled on orbit to do the job our astronauts 394 00:10:06,660 --> 00:10:06,670 on orbit to do the job our astronauts 395 00:10:06,670 --> 00:10:09,449 on orbit to do the job our astronauts will spend many long hours working evey 396 00:10:09,449 --> 00:10:09,459 will spend many long hours working evey 397 00:10:09,459 --> 00:10:13,319 will spend many long hours working evey a so biomechanics engineers at the 398 00:10:13,319 --> 00:10:13,329 a so biomechanics engineers at the 399 00:10:13,329 --> 00:10:15,720 a so biomechanics engineers at the Johnson Space Center are working to make 400 00:10:15,720 --> 00:10:15,730 Johnson Space Center are working to make 401 00:10:15,730 --> 00:10:17,220 Johnson Space Center are working to make sure that the tasks they'll be 402 00:10:17,220 --> 00:10:17,230 sure that the tasks they'll be 403 00:10:17,230 --> 00:10:19,710 sure that the tasks they'll be performing don't ask more than an 404 00:10:19,710 --> 00:10:19,720 performing don't ask more than an 405 00:10:19,720 --> 00:10:24,119 performing don't ask more than an astronaut has to give tests are 406 00:10:24,119 --> 00:10:24,129 astronaut has to give tests are 407 00:10:24,129 --> 00:10:25,910 astronaut has to give tests are conducted in simulated weightlessness 408 00:10:25,910 --> 00:10:25,920 conducted in simulated weightlessness 409 00:10:25,920 --> 00:10:31,499 conducted in simulated weightlessness under water the crank measures how much 410 00:10:31,499 --> 00:10:31,509 under water the crank measures how much 411 00:10:31,509 --> 00:10:33,720 under water the crank measures how much strength the space-suited astronaut can 412 00:10:33,720 --> 00:10:33,730 strength the space-suited astronaut can 413 00:10:33,730 --> 00:10:36,629 strength the space-suited astronaut can exert underwater video captures the 414 00:10:36,629 --> 00:10:36,639 exert underwater video captures the 415 00:10:36,639 --> 00:10:39,389 exert underwater video captures the action sensors record which muscles 416 00:10:39,389 --> 00:10:39,399 action sensors record which muscles 417 00:10:39,399 --> 00:10:43,679 action sensors record which muscles produce the motion engineers analyze the 418 00:10:43,679 --> 00:10:43,689 produce the motion engineers analyze the 419 00:10:43,689 --> 00:10:45,900 produce the motion engineers analyze the data and determine how much force an 420 00:10:45,900 --> 00:10:45,910 data and determine how much force an 421 00:10:45,910 --> 00:10:50,460 data and determine how much force an astronaut can deliver they then 422 00:10:50,460 --> 00:10:50,470 astronaut can deliver they then 423 00:10:50,470 --> 00:10:52,499 astronaut can deliver they then developed computer models of human 424 00:10:52,499 --> 00:10:52,509 developed computer models of human 425 00:10:52,509 --> 00:10:55,679 developed computer models of human capabilities these smart tools will help 426 00:10:55,679 --> 00:10:55,689 capabilities these smart tools will help 427 00:10:55,689 --> 00:10:58,290 capabilities these smart tools will help researchers see how astronauts will work 428 00:10:58,290 --> 00:10:58,300 researchers see how astronauts will work 429 00:10:58,300 --> 00:11:01,110 researchers see how astronauts will work in environments that don't even yet 430 00:11:01,110 --> 00:11:01,120 in environments that don't even yet 431 00:11:01,120 --> 00:11:05,220 in environments that don't even yet exist real requirements can then be set 432 00:11:05,220 --> 00:11:05,230 exist real requirements can then be set 433 00:11:05,230 --> 00:11:07,230 exist real requirements can then be set to make sure that tasks can be 434 00:11:07,230 --> 00:11:07,240 to make sure that tasks can be 435 00:11:07,240 --> 00:11:18,230 to make sure that tasks can be accomplished a million miles in space 436 00:11:18,230 --> 00:11:18,240 437 00:11:18,240 --> 00:11:22,680 when gene cernan Ronald Evans and Jack 438 00:11:22,680 --> 00:11:22,690 when gene cernan Ronald Evans and Jack 439 00:11:22,690 --> 00:11:25,020 when gene cernan Ronald Evans and Jack Schmitt departed earth on the last and 440 00:11:25,020 --> 00:11:25,030 Schmitt departed earth on the last and 441 00:11:25,030 --> 00:11:27,690 Schmitt departed earth on the last and longest Apollo mission they took some 442 00:11:27,690 --> 00:11:27,700 longest Apollo mission they took some 443 00:11:27,700 --> 00:11:31,530 longest Apollo mission they took some 500 pounds of air food and water with 444 00:11:31,530 --> 00:11:31,540 500 pounds of air food and water with 445 00:11:31,540 --> 00:11:36,090 500 pounds of air food and water with them were those same three men to go to 446 00:11:36,090 --> 00:11:36,100 them were those same three men to go to 447 00:11:36,100 --> 00:11:38,370 them were those same three men to go to work at a lunar outpost for a two-year 448 00:11:38,370 --> 00:11:38,380 work at a lunar outpost for a two-year 449 00:11:38,380 --> 00:11:40,950 work at a lunar outpost for a two-year tour of duty using the same life-support 450 00:11:40,950 --> 00:11:40,960 tour of duty using the same life-support 451 00:11:40,960 --> 00:11:43,320 tour of duty using the same life-support system we have today each man's 452 00:11:43,320 --> 00:11:43,330 system we have today each man's 453 00:11:43,330 --> 00:11:45,330 system we have today each man's provisions would require a dedicated 454 00:11:45,330 --> 00:11:45,340 provisions would require a dedicated 455 00:11:45,340 --> 00:11:50,700 provisions would require a dedicated launch a prohibitive expense what's 456 00:11:50,700 --> 00:11:50,710 launch a prohibitive expense what's 457 00:11:50,710 --> 00:11:52,950 launch a prohibitive expense what's needed is a life-support system that can 458 00:11:52,950 --> 00:11:52,960 needed is a life-support system that can 459 00:11:52,960 --> 00:11:56,730 needed is a life-support system that can recycle food and air water and waste in 460 00:11:56,730 --> 00:11:56,740 recycle food and air water and waste in 461 00:11:56,740 --> 00:11:59,160 recycle food and air water and waste in a closed system astronauts will grow 462 00:11:59,160 --> 00:11:59,170 a closed system astronauts will grow 463 00:11:59,170 --> 00:12:01,530 a closed system astronauts will grow their own crops just like the wheat 464 00:12:01,530 --> 00:12:01,540 their own crops just like the wheat 465 00:12:01,540 --> 00:12:03,390 their own crops just like the wheat grown in this environmentally sealed 466 00:12:03,390 --> 00:12:03,400 grown in this environmentally sealed 467 00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:06,510 grown in this environmentally sealed chamber at the Kennedy Space Center with 468 00:12:06,510 --> 00:12:06,520 chamber at the Kennedy Space Center with 469 00:12:06,520 --> 00:12:08,700 chamber at the Kennedy Space Center with this component of a closed life-support 470 00:12:08,700 --> 00:12:08,710 this component of a closed life-support 471 00:12:08,710 --> 00:12:10,380 this component of a closed life-support system researchers here are 472 00:12:10,380 --> 00:12:10,390 system researchers here are 473 00:12:10,390 --> 00:12:12,750 system researchers here are demonstrating the feasibility of using 474 00:12:12,750 --> 00:12:12,760 demonstrating the feasibility of using 475 00:12:12,760 --> 00:12:15,150 demonstrating the feasibility of using plants to provide fresh air clean water 476 00:12:15,150 --> 00:12:15,160 plants to provide fresh air clean water 477 00:12:15,160 --> 00:12:19,290 plants to provide fresh air clean water and nutritious food by carefully 478 00:12:19,290 --> 00:12:19,300 and nutritious food by carefully 479 00:12:19,300 --> 00:12:21,630 and nutritious food by carefully controlling the nutrient solution the 480 00:12:21,630 --> 00:12:21,640 controlling the nutrient solution the 481 00:12:21,640 --> 00:12:24,000 controlling the nutrient solution the moisture in the atmosphere and exposure 482 00:12:24,000 --> 00:12:24,010 moisture in the atmosphere and exposure 483 00:12:24,010 --> 00:12:26,640 moisture in the atmosphere and exposure to simulated sunlight this biological 484 00:12:26,640 --> 00:12:26,650 to simulated sunlight this biological 485 00:12:26,650 --> 00:12:29,450 to simulated sunlight this biological system is proving to be very reliable 486 00:12:29,450 --> 00:12:29,460 system is proving to be very reliable 487 00:12:29,460 --> 00:12:32,960 system is proving to be very reliable but will it work as well without gravity 488 00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:32,970 but will it work as well without gravity 489 00:12:32,970 --> 00:12:36,210 but will it work as well without gravity the space station freedom will serve as 490 00:12:36,210 --> 00:12:36,220 the space station freedom will serve as 491 00:12:36,220 --> 00:12:38,880 the space station freedom will serve as a testbed to qualify the life-support 492 00:12:38,880 --> 00:12:38,890 a testbed to qualify the life-support 493 00:12:38,890 --> 00:12:41,010 a testbed to qualify the life-support system that will sustain our space 494 00:12:41,010 --> 00:12:41,020 system that will sustain our space 495 00:12:41,020 --> 00:12:54,180 system that will sustain our space explorers on long missions far from home 496 00:12:54,180 --> 00:12:54,190 497 00:12:54,190 --> 00:12:57,580 for researchers in the Antarctic it is 498 00:12:57,580 --> 00:12:57,590 for researchers in the Antarctic it is 499 00:12:57,590 --> 00:13:02,010 for researchers in the Antarctic it is difficult to handle a medical emergency 500 00:13:02,010 --> 00:13:02,020 501 00:13:02,020 --> 00:13:05,440 in this remote corner of the globe the 502 00:13:05,440 --> 00:13:05,450 in this remote corner of the globe the 503 00:13:05,450 --> 00:13:11,470 in this remote corner of the globe the nearest medical care is hours away on an 504 00:13:11,470 --> 00:13:11,480 nearest medical care is hours away on an 505 00:13:11,480 --> 00:13:14,260 nearest medical care is hours away on an expedition to Mars when an emergency 506 00:13:14,260 --> 00:13:14,270 expedition to Mars when an emergency 507 00:13:14,270 --> 00:13:18,750 expedition to Mars when an emergency occurs there is no place to go 508 00:13:18,750 --> 00:13:18,760 occurs there is no place to go 509 00:13:18,760 --> 00:13:21,490 occurs there is no place to go crews must handle medical emergencies 510 00:13:21,490 --> 00:13:21,500 crews must handle medical emergencies 511 00:13:21,500 --> 00:13:25,900 crews must handle medical emergencies and treat routine illness themselves so 512 00:13:25,900 --> 00:13:25,910 and treat routine illness themselves so 513 00:13:25,910 --> 00:13:28,000 and treat routine illness themselves so doctors and engineers at the Johnson 514 00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:28,010 doctors and engineers at the Johnson 515 00:13:28,010 --> 00:13:29,530 doctors and engineers at the Johnson Space Center are putting the 516 00:13:29,530 --> 00:13:29,540 Space Center are putting the 517 00:13:29,540 --> 00:13:32,070 Space Center are putting the capabilities of an emergency room a 518 00:13:32,070 --> 00:13:32,080 capabilities of an emergency room a 519 00:13:32,080 --> 00:13:35,970 capabilities of an emergency room a medical laboratory and an x-ray facility 520 00:13:35,970 --> 00:13:35,980 medical laboratory and an x-ray facility 521 00:13:35,980 --> 00:13:39,780 medical laboratory and an x-ray facility into a compact clinic for use in space 522 00:13:39,780 --> 00:13:39,790 into a compact clinic for use in space 523 00:13:39,790 --> 00:13:42,790 into a compact clinic for use in space for tightly packed racks of specially 524 00:13:42,790 --> 00:13:42,800 for tightly packed racks of specially 525 00:13:42,800 --> 00:13:44,440 for tightly packed racks of specially engineered medical equipment and 526 00:13:44,440 --> 00:13:44,450 engineered medical equipment and 527 00:13:44,450 --> 00:13:46,600 engineered medical equipment and supplies will provide what's needed to 528 00:13:46,600 --> 00:13:46,610 supplies will provide what's needed to 529 00:13:46,610 --> 00:13:49,570 supplies will provide what's needed to perform diagnostic tests treat injuries 530 00:13:49,570 --> 00:13:49,580 perform diagnostic tests treat injuries 531 00:13:49,580 --> 00:13:51,970 perform diagnostic tests treat injuries and illness and keep track of patient 532 00:13:51,970 --> 00:13:51,980 and illness and keep track of patient 533 00:13:51,980 --> 00:13:54,850 and illness and keep track of patient records but medical systems and 534 00:13:54,850 --> 00:13:54,860 records but medical systems and 535 00:13:54,860 --> 00:13:57,490 records but medical systems and procedures for use in space must be more 536 00:13:57,490 --> 00:13:57,500 procedures for use in space must be more 537 00:13:57,500 --> 00:13:59,710 procedures for use in space must be more than compact they must work without 538 00:13:59,710 --> 00:13:59,720 than compact they must work without 539 00:13:59,720 --> 00:14:02,740 than compact they must work without gravity and so they're tested by a team 540 00:14:02,740 --> 00:14:02,750 gravity and so they're tested by a team 541 00:14:02,750 --> 00:14:04,870 gravity and so they're tested by a team of doctors and technicians in a very 542 00:14:04,870 --> 00:14:04,880 of doctors and technicians in a very 543 00:14:04,880 --> 00:14:08,110 of doctors and technicians in a very unusual test facility research engineer 544 00:14:08,110 --> 00:14:08,120 unusual test facility research engineer 545 00:14:08,120 --> 00:14:11,440 unusual test facility research engineer Terry yes just like a roller coaster the 546 00:14:11,440 --> 00:14:11,450 Terry yes just like a roller coaster the 547 00:14:11,450 --> 00:14:14,470 Terry yes just like a roller coaster the kc-135 flies in a parabolic flight path 548 00:14:14,470 --> 00:14:14,480 kc-135 flies in a parabolic flight path 549 00:14:14,480 --> 00:14:17,020 kc-135 flies in a parabolic flight path as the plane reaches the peak of his 550 00:14:17,020 --> 00:14:17,030 as the plane reaches the peak of his 551 00:14:17,030 --> 00:14:19,300 as the plane reaches the peak of his path it starts to nose over and at that 552 00:14:19,300 --> 00:14:19,310 path it starts to nose over and at that 553 00:14:19,310 --> 00:14:21,700 path it starts to nose over and at that point you get 25 to 30 seconds of zero 554 00:14:21,700 --> 00:14:21,710 point you get 25 to 30 seconds of zero 555 00:14:21,710 --> 00:14:24,010 point you get 25 to 30 seconds of zero gravity this doesn't sound like a lot 556 00:14:24,010 --> 00:14:24,020 gravity this doesn't sound like a lot 557 00:14:24,020 --> 00:14:25,390 gravity this doesn't sound like a lot but it's the only way we have on earth 558 00:14:25,390 --> 00:14:25,400 but it's the only way we have on earth 559 00:14:25,400 --> 00:14:35,540 but it's the only way we have on earth of simulating zero gravity 560 00:14:35,540 --> 00:14:35,550 561 00:14:35,550 --> 00:14:37,830 performing medical procedures without 562 00:14:37,830 --> 00:14:37,840 performing medical procedures without 563 00:14:37,840 --> 00:14:40,140 performing medical procedures without gravity requires an entirely different 564 00:14:40,140 --> 00:14:40,150 gravity requires an entirely different 565 00:14:40,150 --> 00:14:42,870 gravity requires an entirely different approach to medical care with much 566 00:14:42,870 --> 00:14:42,880 approach to medical care with much 567 00:14:42,880 --> 00:14:51,020 approach to medical care with much development and testing yet to be done 568 00:14:51,020 --> 00:14:51,030 569 00:14:51,030 --> 00:14:54,030 astronauts may seem very different from 570 00:14:54,030 --> 00:14:54,040 astronauts may seem very different from 571 00:14:54,040 --> 00:14:57,480 astronauts may seem very different from aquanauts but this diver experiences 572 00:14:57,480 --> 00:14:57,490 aquanauts but this diver experiences 573 00:14:57,490 --> 00:14:59,490 aquanauts but this diver experiences some of the same psychological stress 574 00:14:59,490 --> 00:14:59,500 some of the same psychological stress 575 00:14:59,500 --> 00:15:02,490 some of the same psychological stress from isolation and confinement that an 576 00:15:02,490 --> 00:15:02,500 from isolation and confinement that an 577 00:15:02,500 --> 00:15:05,820 from isolation and confinement that an astronaut will on a long mission the 578 00:15:05,820 --> 00:15:05,830 astronaut will on a long mission the 579 00:15:05,830 --> 00:15:07,980 astronaut will on a long mission the diver works for weeks at a time cut off 580 00:15:07,980 --> 00:15:07,990 diver works for weeks at a time cut off 581 00:15:07,990 --> 00:15:11,100 diver works for weeks at a time cut off from family and friends he lives in a 582 00:15:11,100 --> 00:15:11,110 from family and friends he lives in a 583 00:15:11,110 --> 00:15:13,830 from family and friends he lives in a facility that is cramped and closed with 584 00:15:13,830 --> 00:15:13,840 facility that is cramped and closed with 585 00:15:13,840 --> 00:15:16,320 facility that is cramped and closed with a tiny kitchen and living area and six 586 00:15:16,320 --> 00:15:16,330 a tiny kitchen and living area and six 587 00:15:16,330 --> 00:15:19,140 a tiny kitchen and living area and six bunks stacked three on a side it is a 588 00:15:19,140 --> 00:15:19,150 bunks stacked three on a side it is a 589 00:15:19,150 --> 00:15:21,930 bunks stacked three on a side it is a habitat for aquanauts not unlike that of 590 00:15:21,930 --> 00:15:21,940 habitat for aquanauts not unlike that of 591 00:15:21,940 --> 00:15:24,810 habitat for aquanauts not unlike that of astronauts which is why human factors 592 00:15:24,810 --> 00:15:24,820 astronauts which is why human factors 593 00:15:24,820 --> 00:15:27,650 astronauts which is why human factors researchers study the divers behavior 594 00:15:27,650 --> 00:15:27,660 researchers study the divers behavior 595 00:15:27,660 --> 00:15:30,960 researchers study the divers behavior how do people handle the isolation the 596 00:15:30,960 --> 00:15:30,970 how do people handle the isolation the 597 00:15:30,970 --> 00:15:33,330 how do people handle the isolation the lack of privacy and the prolonged 598 00:15:33,330 --> 00:15:33,340 lack of privacy and the prolonged 599 00:15:33,340 --> 00:15:35,610 lack of privacy and the prolonged confinement how do different 600 00:15:35,610 --> 00:15:35,620 confinement how do different 601 00:15:35,620 --> 00:15:38,610 confinement how do different personalities mix how does the group 602 00:15:38,610 --> 00:15:38,620 personalities mix how does the group 603 00:15:38,620 --> 00:15:40,670 personalities mix how does the group function as a whole 604 00:15:40,670 --> 00:15:40,680 function as a whole 605 00:15:40,680 --> 00:15:43,350 function as a whole continued human factors research with 606 00:15:43,350 --> 00:15:43,360 continued human factors research with 607 00:15:43,360 --> 00:15:45,360 continued human factors research with divers and others at work in remote 608 00:15:45,360 --> 00:15:45,370 divers and others at work in remote 609 00:15:45,370 --> 00:15:47,790 divers and others at work in remote environments will determine selection 610 00:15:47,790 --> 00:15:47,800 environments will determine selection 611 00:15:47,800 --> 00:15:50,340 environments will determine selection criteria and training and psychological 612 00:15:50,340 --> 00:15:50,350 criteria and training and psychological 613 00:15:50,350 --> 00:15:52,800 criteria and training and psychological support techniques that will help ensure 614 00:15:52,800 --> 00:15:52,810 support techniques that will help ensure 615 00:15:52,810 --> 00:15:59,820 support techniques that will help ensure the well-being of future space travelers 616 00:15:59,820 --> 00:15:59,830 617 00:15:59,830 --> 00:16:02,860 life sciences researchers are at work on 618 00:16:02,860 --> 00:16:02,870 life sciences researchers are at work on 619 00:16:02,870 --> 00:16:05,050 life sciences researchers are at work on a variety of fronts studying the 620 00:16:05,050 --> 00:16:05,060 a variety of fronts studying the 621 00:16:05,060 --> 00:16:07,300 a variety of fronts studying the physical and psychological impacts of 622 00:16:07,300 --> 00:16:07,310 physical and psychological impacts of 623 00:16:07,310 --> 00:16:10,060 physical and psychological impacts of extended missions this research is 624 00:16:10,060 --> 00:16:10,070 extended missions this research is 625 00:16:10,070 --> 00:16:12,940 extended missions this research is critical if we are to sustain nurture 626 00:16:12,940 --> 00:16:12,950 critical if we are to sustain nurture 627 00:16:12,950 --> 00:16:16,480 critical if we are to sustain nurture and protect our space explorers it is 628 00:16:16,480 --> 00:16:16,490 and protect our space explorers it is 629 00:16:16,490 --> 00:16:19,000 and protect our space explorers it is this research that will turn our dreams 630 00:16:19,000 --> 00:16:19,010 this research that will turn our dreams 631 00:16:19,010 --> 00:16:23,220 this research that will turn our dreams of space exploration into reality I 632 00:16:23,220 --> 00:16:23,230 of space exploration into reality I 633 00:16:23,230 --> 00:16:25,420 of space exploration into reality I believe that this nation should commit 634 00:16:25,420 --> 00:16:25,430 believe that this nation should commit 635 00:16:25,430 --> 00:16:29,140 believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal before this 636 00:16:29,140 --> 00:16:29,150 itself to achieving the goal before this 637 00:16:29,150 --> 00:16:31,810 itself to achieving the goal before this decade is out of landing a man on the 638 00:16:31,810 --> 00:16:31,820 decade is out of landing a man on the 639 00:16:31,820 --> 00:16:33,940 decade is out of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the 640 00:16:33,940 --> 00:16:33,950 moon and returning him safely to the 641 00:16:33,950 --> 00:16:39,400 moon and returning him safely to the earth I believe before Apollo celebrates 642 00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:39,410 earth I believe before Apollo celebrates 643 00:16:39,410 --> 00:16:42,100 earth I believe before Apollo celebrates the 50th anniversary of its landing on 644 00:16:42,100 --> 00:16:42,110 the 50th anniversary of its landing on 645 00:16:42,110 --> 00:16:44,560 the 50th anniversary of its landing on the moon the American flag should be 646 00:16:44,560 --> 00:16:44,570 the moon the American flag should be 647 00:16:44,570 --> 00:16:49,660 the moon the American flag should be planted on Mars the goal is clear the 648 00:16:49,660 --> 00:16:49,670 planted on Mars the goal is clear the 649 00:16:49,670 --> 00:16:53,410 planted on Mars the goal is clear the challenge is upon us